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North Korean famine
The North Korean famine, which together with the accompanying general economic crisis are known as the Arduous March (Hangul: ; Chosŏn'gŭl: ) in North Korea, occurred in North Korea from 1994 to 1998.〔Hagard, Stephan and Noland, Marcus (2007). Famine in North Korea: markets, aid and reform. Columbia University Press:New York〕
The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of approximately 22 million, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997.〔Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, (Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures ), ''Institute for International Economics''.〕〔Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel. 2012. ("Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008" ), ''Population and Development Review'', 38(1), pp. 133-158.〕 Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.〔
==Arduous March==
The term "Arduous March" became a metaphor for the famine following a state propaganda campaign in 1993. The ''Rodong Sinmun'' urged the North Korean citizenry to invoke the memory of an apocryphal fable from Kim Il-sung's time as a commander of a small group of anti-Japanese guerrilla fighters. The story, referred to as the ''Arduous March'', is described as: ''fighting against thousands of enemies in 20 degrees below zero, braving through a heavy snowfall and starvation, the red flag fluttering in front of the rank."
As part of this state campaign, uses of words such as ''famine'' and ''hunger'' were banned because they implied government failure. Those citizens who said deaths were due to the famine could be in serious trouble with the authorities.〔(mapping a hidden disaster: Personal Histories of Hunger in North Korea )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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